Some natural phenomena

Q1) What type of charges can an object possess?

Ans:

An object can possess positive or negative charge. The object which loses electrons becomes positively charged and the other which gains electrons becomes negatively charged.

Q2) what can you do to make hard rubber positively charged?

Ans:

When hard rubber is rubbed with polyester, hard rubber becomes positively charged.

Q3) list the methods by which objects can be charged?

Ans:

Objects can be charged by :

      1-   Friction

      2-  Conduction

      3-  Induction

    

Q4) what are the huge rocky plates that cover the entire earth called?

Ans:

The huge rocky plates that cover the entire earth are called  the tectonic plates.

Q5) name the outermost layer of the earth?

Ans:

The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust.

Q6) what is the core of the earth made up of?

Ans:

The core of the earth is made up of solid metal . (iron and nickel)

Q7) what moves the tectonic plates?

Ans:

The semi-solid layer that is present in the mantle of the earth is made up of molten rock ( magma). This layer is in motion all the time due to which the tectonic plates which float over this keep moving.

Q8) what causes an earthquake?

Ans:

As the magma moves, it moves the tectonic plates that float on it. At times, the adjacent tectonic plates collide with each other. This causes an earthquake.

Q9) What will happen if a plastic ruler rubbed against a woolen garment is brought close to bits of paper? Why?

Ans:

When plastic ruler rubbed against a woolen garment, the woolen garment will lose electrons and acquires a positive charge. The electrons which are lost from the woolen garment will flow into the plastic ruler. As a result the plastic ruler becomes negatively charged. Both the woolen garment and the plastic ruler will acquire static electricity. So, when the plastic ruler is brought close to bits of paper, the paper gets attracted to it.

Q10) illustrate attraction and repulsion between charged bodies.

Ans

  

Q11) what is thunder? How is it created?

Ans:

During thunderstorm, the negative charge from the cloud attracts the positive charge from the land. This forms a continuous path through which charge from the cloud flows down and causes lightning. The sudden heating expands the air violently, and then contract it. This creates a sound which is known as thunder.

Q12) How are convection currents formed in magma?

Ans:

There is a temperature difference between the outer and the inner mantle. The outer mantle is cool since it meets the colder, solid crust above it. The inner mantle gets hotter due to the very hot core beneath it. These differences in the temperature between the outer and inner mantle gives rise to a movement called convection currents in the fluid magma.

Q13) What is the difference between hypocenter and epicenter?

Ans:

The spot where the earthquake originates is called the hypocenter or the focus of an earthquake. The spot on the earth’s surface exactly above the hypocenter of an earthquake is the epicenter.

Q14) List two safety measures you would take during an earthquake?

Ans:

i)           Move to an open area immediately

ii)         Stay away from buildings, electric poles, trees, sign boards, bridges or any other man made structure.

Q15) describe the working of a simple electroscope.

Ans:

Materials required a glass jar, a metal plate, a one holed cork, metal rod, two stripes of aluminium foil.

A simple electroscope is set up as shown. When you rub a plastic ruler on your dry hair and touch it to the metal plate, the strips repel each other and open out because they acquire the negative charge of the ruler by conduction. The opening out of the aluminium strips indicates that the object which was brought in contact was charged. This is the most simple type of electroscope.

Q16) Explain how lighting occurs?

Ans:

During thunderstorms, the negative charge from the cloud attracts the positive charge from the land. This forms a continuous path through which large amount of negative charge which is accumulated in the clouds rushes down this path, giving rise to huge amount of electricity. The sudden rush of electrical charge heats up the air to about 20,000 C, producing a bright glow of lightning. This is how lightning strike take place.

World education

Q1) Why do you think Kara was delighted that she could now read ?

Ans:

Kara now feels independent as she can read medicine labels, read her children’s homework and help them.

Q2) What do you understand by the word  “rural  “? What is the opposite of rural?

Ans:

Rural means in the countryside. The opposite of rural is urban.

Q3) What do you think the women would have learned in their sanitation classes?

Ans:

The women would have learned how to dispose of waste hygienically and to help maintain cleanliness at a personal level and within society as a whole.

Q4) “Here is how it works”. What does the word “it” refers to?

Ans:

The word “it” means the way the family reading programme conducted.

Q5) Describe what you think the atmosphere would have been like in the reading corners.

Ans:

The atmosphere would have been excited and noisy as the women listened imitated sound, read and shared stories.

Q6) How will children and future generations benefit from the literacy programme?

Ans:

The future generation will enjoy higher standard of education, leading to better jobs.

Q7) one woman wrote a book which she named “stories my mother never read to me” . the woman’s mother most probably didn’t read to her because ……

Ans:

She could not read

The union legislature – the parliament

Q1) Mention the three sessions of the parliament in a year.

Ans:

1)   The budget session (Feb – May )

2)  The monsoon session ( July – August )

3)  The winter session ( Nov- Dec )

Q2) what is the purpose of the question hour?

Ans:

The first hour of every sitting of the parliament is known as the question hour. Ministers will be asked. Pertinent questions should be addressed to the speaker. Questions with an asterisk mark are known as starred questions and require an oral answers. The ones without an asterisk mark requires written answer.

Supplementary questions may be asked by the members based on the answers given by the minister. Such debates help other members understand the government’s policies and also the flaws in them.

Q3) What is the purpose of the zero hour?

Ans:

The period after question hour and before the beginning of the rest of the day’s work is known as the zero hour. Members can raise questions of public interest.

Q4) what is an adjournment motion?

Ans:

Members have the right to know about the various aspects of the government’s policies. When an adjournment motion is moved, the current topic of discussion is postponed and another topic of greater importance is taken up for discussion. Adjournment motions can play a vital role in revealing the failures of the government.

Now, with parliamentary affairs being telecast live, the public know about the nature of discussions and also the quality of the law makers chosen by them. The members of parliament too, with the media playing a pivotal role, are more cautious in their approach to matter of governance.

Q5) What are the qualifications for a person to be a member of the Lak Sabha ?

Ans:

A person who stands for election to the Lok Sabha :

   1)   Should be an Indian citizen and above age of 25 years.

   2)   Should not be bankrupt or mentally unstable.

   3)  Should not hold any salaried government.

Q6)  What are the qualifications for a person to be a member of the Rajya Sabha?

Ans:

To be a member of the Rajya Sabha, a person:

    1)   Has to be an Indian citizen aged 30 years old and      above.

   2)  Should neither be bankrupt, nor be of unsound mind.

   3)  Should not hold any salaried government job.

Q7) what is No-confidence Notion?

Ans:

If the parliament loses its confidence in the council of ministers and its functioning, a motion of No-confidence can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. If it is passed by a simple majority, the prime minister and council of ministers must resign collectively.

Q8) Discuss in detail the process of election to the Lok Sabha.

Ans:

the country is divided into 543 constituencies, the candidates can be either affiliated to parties or contest elections as independent candidates.

The candidate who polls the maximum number of votes is declared as the Member of Parliament from that particular constituency.

Q9) What is meant by impeachment?

Ans:

The parliament has the power to level charge against the president, vice president and judges of high courts and supreme courts of India. If charges are proven to the person charges were levelled had to resign from office. This is known as impeachment.

Q10) What is the process of passing an ordinary bill?

Ans:

A bill can be introduced either in Lok Sabha or in the Rajya Sabha.  Once the bill is passed in a one house after three readings, it goes to the other house.

The second in case it disagrees with or wants changes in the bill, may send it back to the house where it originated.

Poem- the grass so little has to do

Q1) What does the grass do during the daytime?

Ans:

During the day the grass entertains the bees and butterflies, dances to the teenes that the breezes play and holds the sunshine in its lap while bowing to everything.

Q2) what happens to the grass after it dies?

Ans:

It is transformed into sweet smelling lay, which is put away in barns and dreams its days away.

Q3) is it the grass which is describing its life to us? If it is not, then who is telling us his/her views about the grass?

Ans:

It is not the grass that is speaking but a speaker who must be human as she knows the odous of spices and spikenard. We know that it is not the grass because the speaker at the end wishes that she were a bay.

Q4) the poet balances two sets of images in the poem:

One which about the low status of the grass, the other which speaks of the grass in reference to the high classes.

Ans:

The poet describes the ordinary life of the grass by using different images of the grass entertaining bees and butterflies, dancing to the music of the breeze and smelling of spices as it dreams its days away.

But when we read about it threading dews like pearls so that it is too fine to even notice duchesses, when we read about it being as fragrant as spikenard and being laid in sovereign basis, associated with the higher classes. The poem gives us a picture of grass which is both ordinary and magnificent.

Q5) the poem begins and ends with a live about the grass having “ so little…….. to do “.

Lest the activities of the grass.

Ans:

The grass entertains insects, dances to the teenes that the breeze brings, holds the sunshine in its laps, bows to all the things that pass by, threads dew as if they were pearls, and after it dies, it is laid in barus. Smelling sweetly fragrant and dreaming the days away.

Airi – Deepa Agarwal

Q1) As Bishan Singh walks through the forest, he sings. Why do you think he sings? How do you think this helps him?

Ans:

Bishan Singh sang to cheer himself and to maintain his courage.

Q2) During his journey, Bishan Singh feels afraid at several points of time. he becomes particularly afraid when he hears the tinkling of anklets. How do you think Bishan Singh maintains his courage and keeps his spirits up even as he feels increasingly afraid?

Ans:

Bishan Singh kept his spirit up after hearing the tinkling of anklets by telling himself that he did not believe in such non-sense as the stories of the airi and that the jingling footsteps must be that of some poor woman delayed in the forest.

Q3) How does Bishan Sigh make a connection with the woman? Is it a well thought out plan or something that just happens?

Ans:

Bishan Singh makes a connection with the woman by addressing her as Didi. He does not do this deliberately.

It is something that happens by chance and she is touched by the gesture.

Q4) After his escape from the forest and the ghost, what does Bishan Singh discovered? What would his thoughts about the “Airi” be after finding the gift?

Ans:

After he escaped from the forest and the airi. Bishan Singh was initially scared but after discovering her gift he might have felt puzzled and then thankful both to the  airi and to whatever made him address her as Didi and when he met her.

Q5) what kind of ghost is the airi? How do you know?

Ans:

From the story, we can guess that the airi is not a wicked ghost but a lonely one who is touched at being addressed as Didi by Bishan Singh.

We know because after he called her Didi she enquires after his family, especially his wife and when he gives her a gift, she in return gave him a gift too.

How the camel got his hump

Q1) In the beginning, what was the camel like?

Ans:

 In the beginning the camel was extremely idle, a little vain and very lazy.

Q2) Why, according to the author, does the camel live in the desert?

Ans:

According to the author, the camel lives in the desert because he is very lazy, idle and howler.

Q3) In the story, what are the roles of the other animals?

Ans:

The horse in the story has to trot, the dog has to fetch and carry, the ox has to plough. All of them do these jobs for man.

Q4) is there equality between man and animals? How do you know?

Ans:

There is no equality between man and animals. As we all know from the story the animals all work for man and to obey him in all the days.

Q5) whose side in the Djinn on? Why does he put a “ haumph” or “hamp” on the camel’s back?

Ans:

The Djinn is on the animal’s side which is why he listens to the complaints of the animals and goes off to do something about the camel. He puts hump on the camel’s back because this was what the camel would say when he was asked to work. The “humph” was the Djinn’s way for punishing the camel for his laziness.

Q6) Do you think it was acceptable for the camel to not work for man? Why did the other animals have such a problem with him, especially as he was living far away by himself?

Ans:

it was acceptable for the camel not to work for the man because he was not asking man to feed him or take care of him but lived by himself.

The other animals had a problem because they all begun working for man and were jealous of camel’s independence and easy life.

Poem: Life – Paul Laurence

Q1) According to the poet, how is life seen in the first stanza.

Ans:

According to the poet life is seen as being more composed of sorrow than joy.

Q2) What does the poet tells us by the end of the poem?

Ans:

The poet tells us that life is composed of both joy and sorrow, even in poverty.

Q3) According to the poet, what follows a “minute to smile” and “ a laugh “.

Ans:

A minute to smile is followed by an hour of weeping while a laugh is followed by double the moans.

Q4) How are “ the crust “ and “ the corner “ transformed in the second stanza?

Ans:

The crust and corners are transformed by love that makes them both precious.

Q5) in the second stanza, what is the role of tears?

Ans:

The poet claims in the second stanza that tears are refreshing.

Q6) the second stanza repeats each of the details given in the first stanza. What is the difference between stanza one and two.

Ans:

The difference between stanza one and two is a difference in perspective. While the first stanza focuses on the sorrow and troubles of life, the second claims that even the sad parts of life can be made better or seen as better because of love. It also claims that laughter and joy will be more appreciated if one knows pain and sffering.

A bonfire night to remember

Q1) Explain why the shopping mall is described as “echoing”?

Ans:

The mall was described as “echoing” because it was empty as everyone was out at Bonfire night parties. Any noise would therefore echoed around the empty open once.

Q2) Do you think Cindy dealt with this situation well? Explain your answer.

Ans:

Cindy dealt with the situation well. She explained clearly to the man that the note was not genuine and called for security as soon as the man became aggressive.

Q3) Why would the man in the black shirt have thought that Larry was “helpless”?

Ans:

The man in black shirt wouldn’t have thought a man in a wheelchair could pose any threat to him.

Q4) How did Larry manage to help the girl even though he couldn’t walk?

Ans:

Larry scrambled over the counter and held the man to the ground in head cock until help arrived.

Q5) Do you agree with the advice given by Larry’s parents? Explain your answer.

Ans:

The advice given by Larry’s parents was sound “bullies are usually for cowards who only intimidate those they think are weak than them. Anyone who stands up to a bully is unlikely to be bothered by them again.

Minerals and power resources

Q1) Distinguish between

  a) High grade ore and low grade ore

High grade ore	low grade ore
Mineral content is high	Mineral content is low
Very less impurities	Very high impurities

  b)  Wind energy and geo thermal energy

Wind energy: is a pollution free, inexhaustible source of energy. In this, the kinetic energy of wind is converted into electrical energy through turbines.

Wind mills have been used for grinding grain and lifting water since the ancient times.

Wind farms with clusters of such wind mills are located in coastal region and mountain where strong and steady winds blow.

Netherland, Germany, Denmark, USA and Spain are noted for their wind energy production. The wind power plant at Lamba in Gujarat is the largest in Asia. Tamil meets a sizable share of its energy needs from wind farms.

Geothermal energy: heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy. The hot water that gushes out through natural geysers or geothermal springs is used to produce thermal energy.

Geothermal energy has been used for cooking, heating, washing and bathing for several year in

USA and Central America.

In India, geothermal plants are located in Noni Karan in Himarhal, Pradosh and Puga valley in Ladakh.

  c)  Drilling and quarrying  

Drilling: petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth’s surface. Deep wells are bored  or drilled to take them out.

Drilling can also be done off shore.

Quarrying: minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out of the ground through a process called open cast mining.

The opening thus formed is called an open pit area quarry

Q2) name the following

1)   The mineral which commonly used in food

Ans:

Sodium chloride

2)  The minerals found in Europe

Ans:

Copper, Lead and Zinc

3)  Any four minerals found in India.

Ans:

Iron ore, Bauxite, Mica and Manganese.

4) Any three non-convential  sources of energy.

Ans:

Solar energy, Wind energy and tidal energy.

5)  Two places in India where geothermal stations are located.

Ans:

Mani Karan in Himachal Pradesh and Puja valley in Ladakh.

Q3) Give reasons

1)   Minerals need to be conserved for sustainable development

Ans:

·       Minerals take a very long time to develop and so they can’t be replenished immediately at the time of need .

·       It’s necessary to reduce wastage in the process of mining .

·       Recycling of metals is another way in which the mineral resources can be conserved.

2)  Why it is important to resort the use of non-conventional  sources of energy

Ans:

The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This causes atmosphere pollution.

If we continue to use fossil fuels in an unrestrained manner, it will soon be exhausted. Therefor it is important to resort the use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Q4) What are minerals? What are the different types of minerals?

Ans:

A mineral is a naturally occurring substance found in the earth’s crust. Minerals have distinct physical properties such as colour, hardness and chemical properties such as solubility.

Like all  natural resources, minerals are distributed unevenly .

On the basis of composition, minerals are classified mainly as metallic and non-metalic minerals. Metallic minerals contain metals in raw forms .

 for example : Iron ore, Copper, Gold, Silver.

Non-metalic minerals do not contain any metallic substances. They are either organic or inorganic. Organic minerals contain carbon .

Examlpes of organic minerals: Coal, Petroleum and natural gas.

Examlpes of inorganic minerals: Mica, Limestone and graphite .

Q5) Define Ore ? How are they classified ?

Ans:

A rock which contains enough minerals to make it economically valuable for mining is called an Ore. Ores are classified as high grade Ores and low grade Ores. In the high grade Ores, the mineral content is high and impurities are less. In the low grade Ores, mineral content is low and the impurities are high.

Q6) What is mining ? What are the different types of mining?

Ans:

 Extraction ( taking out) of minerals from the rock is called mining.

The different types of mining are:

a) Open cast mining

b)   Shaft mining

c)  Drilling

Q6) What is the mineral Ore used in the manufacturing of Aluminium?

Ans:

Bauxite

Q7) Define hydroelectricity. What are its advantages ?

Ans:

Water from rivers and rain is stored in drums. This water falls  from great heights onto turbine blades making the blades rotate. The rotating blades then turn the generators to produce electricity. This is called hydroelectricity.

Its advantages are:

-      Renewable source of energy

-      It does not pollute the air.

Q8) What is tidal energy ?

Ans:

 Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy . tidal energy is harnessed  by building dams at narrow openings along the tidal belts of a sea. During high tide the energy of the tides is used to turn the turbines installed in the dam to produce electricity.

Q9) Mention the advantages of Biogas?

Ans:

Bio gas is energy generated from dead and decayed organic matter ( dead plants, animal dung, Kitchen waste, etc)

In biogas, digesters, bio waste  is decompressed by bacteria to emit biogas. The biogas ( fuel ) is a mixture of methane and Carbon dioxide. It is an excellent fuel for cooking, domestic lighting inrural areas and for producing organic manure .