The establishment of company power

Q1) Answer the following:

     1.     Between whom was the battle of Plassy fought ?

Ans:

The armies of Sirajuddaulah and the British met at Plassy in 1757.

     2.     Which Indian rulers took part in the battle of Buxar?

Ans:

In 1764 the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shujadaula and Shah Alam met the British at the battle of Buxar.

     3.     What is the system of dual government ?

Ans:

 The dual government was introduced in Bengal after the battle of Buxar. Under this system the Nawab continued to be responsible for the administration of the province while the revenue of the land goes to the British.

     4.     Describe the system of subsidiary alliance?

Ans:

      ·        In the subsidiary alliance system the Indian ruler had to maintain British troops in his state , either by giving some of his territory or by paying for the maintenance of the troops.

      ·        The Indian ruler could not fight or sign treaties with any other power.

      ·        This system allowed the British to maintain a large  army at the expense of local rulers.

      5.     What is the Doctrine of lapse ? Name a kingdom annexed by this means

Ans:

When the ruler of a subsidiary or protected state died without a natural heir , the state could not pass to the adopted child .

Satara was annexed to the British territory (1848 ) , Jhansi ( 1854 ).

      6.     Write a short note on the annexation of Punjab by the British .

Ans:

      ·        Rnajit Singh maintained a friendly relationship with the British. After his death in 1839 there was anarchy in Punjab and the Khalsa ( the Sikh army ) became powerful.

      ·        The Khalsa distrusted the British in 1845 – 1846, the first Anglo – Sikh war was fought. The Sikh were defeated and the land between the rivers Beas and Sutlej was annexed by the British.

      ·        Punjab became a vassal state of the British, and its ruler Duleep Singh was pensioned off

      7.     Which governor general annexed Awadh in 1856? What was the significance of this act?

Ans:

In 1856 Dalhousie annexed Awadh without any proper provocation, and it ruler Wajid  Ali Shah was deposed .

This act of the British was universally condemned and became one of the main causes behind the revolt in 1857.

      8.     Write a note on the Carnatic wars.

Ans:

     -         In India conflict between the French and the British was focused around the Carnatic region.

     -         The three states of this region Hyderabad, Carnatic and Mysore were in constant conflict with each other.

     -         They fought three wars between 1746 and 1763 which came to be called the Carnatic wars.

     -         The third Carnatic war , the French retained only Pondicherry  and Chandernagore.

     -         The British were now the main power in India.

      9.     Write a summary of the wars between Tipu Sultan and British.

Ans:

     -         In 1782, Hyder Ali died leaving his son Tipu Sultan to carry on the fight .

     -         In the third Anglo-Mysore war ( 1790 – 1792 ), lord Cornwallis the governor general at that time entered into an alliance with the Murathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad .

     -         Their joint forces defeated Tipu Sultan and two of his sons were taken as hostages by the British.

     -         In 1799, the British defeated Tipu Sultan at Seringapatam in the fourth Anglo-Mysore , Tipu died fighting.

      -         With the death of Tipu Sultan , the British were rid of on of their most bitter enemies. The British annexed half of his kingdom and gave Mysore back to the royal family, thereby ensuring their loyalty .

This victory over Mysore paved the way for the total control of India by the British.

       10.                        What were the reasons for the success of the British in  India ?

Ans:

       -         There was no strong central leadership in India to check the activities of the  British.

       -         The weakness of Indian rulers .

       -         Indian lack of unity among the states

       The Indian states were unable to form united force against the British.

       -         Britain superior army and navy

       They were also often better disciplined and better trained than their Indian counterparts.

Glossary:

     ·        Factory: a trading settlement

     ·        Colonialism : the rule of a country for an extended period of time by another one.

     ·        Fortification : A structure built to defend a place
     -  Firman: Permission to trade.
-   -    Diwani: right to collect revenue

Resources

 Q1) Differentiate between

     1)    Renewable & Non-Renewable resources

Ans:

·        Renewable resources are those that get regenerated or replenished rapidly . some resources replenish themselves ( like wild and forests ) and some can be replenished with the help of physical, chemical and mechanical processes.

·        Non-Renewable resources are those resources which cannot be replenished or renewed.

Some other resources like coal take thousands of years to get naturally replenished which is several times than the human’s life.

      2)    Potential resources and Actual or developed resources

·        Potential resources are those resources which could be of use in the future due to break through in technology or changing circumstances, Ex: biofuel and petroleum.

·        Actual or developed resources are resources which have already been developed and which are presently being used. The quality and quantity of these resources are known to us. The iron ore and coal deposits in Jharkhand, the petroleum deposits in West Asian countries, gold diamonds deposits in South Africa.

      3)    Ubiquitous resources and localized resources

·        Ubiquitous resources are resources which are found everywhere. Ex: air is a ubiquitous resource as it is found everywhere.

·        localised resources are those which are unevenly distributed across the world  and are only found concentrated in certain regions. Ex: Copper, iron ore, gold, diamonds and silver.

     4)    Biotic resources and abiotic resources

·        Biotic resources include all living organisms on the earth. the Flora( vegetation ) and the Fauna  ( animal life ). Human beings are biotic resources.

·        Abiotic resources are non-living substances used by human beings such as soil, air and sunlight.

Q2) What are resources? Explain in detail.

Ans:

A resource is anything that can be used to satisfy human wants.

Sources include:

·        Things which are present in the environment and which humans use directly.

·        Things which humans transform into usable material to satisfy their needs.

It is the utility of a product or service which makes it a resource. They transform it by using an appropriate technology and skills.

Q3)  How can we broadly classify resources

Ans:

Resources can be broadly classified into natural resources, human made resources and human resources.

-         Resources derived from nature are called natural resources. Air, water found in rivers, lakes and ponds, sunlight, soil, minerals, natural vegetation and wildlife are some examples of natural resources.

-         Human-made resources are those which humans create using technology and skills. Air crafts, machinery, buildings, roads and railway track are examples of human made resources.

-         Human resources consists of people themselves.

Q4) What are sustainable development?

Ans:

Sustainable development can be defines as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Q5) What are the four golden roles of conservation?

Ans:

The four golden R’s for conservation are :

Reduce: Consume less and do not waste.

Reuse: use a product or resource as many times as you can

Recycle: Avoid wastage by changing a product in another usable material

Refuse: If you do not need a thing refuse it.

Q6) What is human – made resources?

Ans:

Human – made resources are those which humans create using technology and skills.

 Ex: air crafts, machinery, buildings, roads and railway tracks.

Q7) “ Human wants are satisfied primarily by nature “. Justify this statement.

Ans:

Almost every need of man is satisfied primarily by nature. For food he has to depend on soil fertility to grow crops. For clothing he has to depend on plants.

Glossary:

Resource : anything that satisfies human needs.

Biotic resources: living resources like plants and animals.

Abiotic resources: non – living resources like air and water.

Renewable resources: something that get replenished

Ubiquitous resources: present everywhere .

Sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without damaging the environment.

Cell : structure and functions

Q1) The genetic information of an organism is presented in the ………Chromosomes ………….

Q2) Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) in plants and animals cell is presented in the ………….. nucleus ……….

Q3) Cellular respiration occurs in cell organelles called ………… mitochondria …………….

Q4) one of the difference between a plant and an animal cell is the presence of…….chloroplasts……….

Q5) The organelle that accumulates excess water and removes it from the cell is called …….contractile vacuole …….

Q6) The cell wall in a plant cell is mainly made up of …….. cellulose…….

Q7) the centriole helps in moving chromosomes during ………cell division…….

Q8) chloroplasts in a plant cell contain…..chlorophyll…..

-Write True or False

   1)   Multicellular animals have one cell.                

( False )

   2)  The basic living unit of an organism is a cell.

( True)

   3)  Paramecium and euglena are multicellular animals.

( False )

   4) The nucleus contains chromosomes.

( True )

   5)  Lysosomes are called the power house of the cell .

( False )

-Answer the following:

Q1) Which organelle of the plant cell has chlorophyll ?

Ans:

Chloroplasts.

Q2) which cells have a cell wall ?

Ans:

Plant cell

Q3) what is the cell wall made up of.

Ans:

Cellulose

Q4) what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum ?

Ans:

Production of protein and lipid components in the cell.

Q5) what is epidermis?

Ans:

The outermost layer of the root, stem, leaf or fruit is the epidermis.

Q6) Explain the function of the nuclear membrane?

Ans:

The nucleus controls the activities of the cell. It is bounded by a membrane called the nuclear membrane. This membrane is porous and allows movement of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Q7) Why are stains and dyes used to observe cells?

Ans:

Cells are transparent and colourless. They are therefore difficult to be observed under microscopes. That is why stains and dyes of different colours are used rto observe cells and their fine structure. Some common stains are safranin, eosin and methylene blue. These stains react with specific parts of the cells and make them clearly visible under a microscope.

Q8) The cell is the basic structural unit of every living organism. Explain?

Ans:

The structural unit of all living organisms is a cell. This means that every living organism like bacteria.

Amoeba, paramecium and euglena are made up of a single cell. Such organisms are called unicellular organisms.

Other living organisms begin their life as a single cell. A single fertilized egg cell multiplies into millions of cells to form a new organism such organisms are called multicellular organisms.

Q9) differentiate between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Ans:

In certain organisms such as bacteria and blue –green algae, the nucleus is not well organized and not bounded by a nuclear membrane. Such organisms are called prokaryotes.

All other organisms in which the nucleus is well organized with a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotes.

Q10) What are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum?

Ans:

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. The rough and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for production of protein and lipid components in the cell. They also help in the transport of proteins.

Q11) how is flagella different from cilia? What are their functions?

Ans:

Many cells have hair like structures projecting from their surface called flagella or cilia. Flagella are long and few in number while cilia are short and numerous.

Q12) what are genes?

Ans:

Chromosomes carry genes, the units of inheritance which means that they transfer characteristics from parents to off siblings.  

Q13) Where are chromosomes found in cell? State their function.

Ans:

Chromosomes are made up of deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA). Chromosomes carry genes, the units of inheritance which means that they transfer characteristics from parents to off siblings.

Q14) explain that a cell is the functional unit of living organisms.

Ans:

The cell is the functional unit of a living organism, this means that a living organism carries out most of its functions in its cells.

For example: the enzymes that digest food are produced by the cells of the digestive glands. Blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. These gases bind to the red blood cells and are transported to all parts of the body.

Q15) Describe the nucleus of a cell.

Ans:

The nucleus controls the activities of the cell. It is bounded by a membrane called nuclear membrane.

This membrane is porous and allows movement of materials in and out of the nucleus. The fluid inside the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm. Suspended in the nucleoplasm is a spherical body called the nucleolus. The nucleus also contains a number of thread like bodies called chromosomes.

Q16) Draw and label plant cell and animal cell

Q 17)

Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).

(a) Unicellular organisms have one-celled body. (T)

(b) Muscle cells are branched. (F)

(c) The basic living unit of an organism is an organ. (F)

(d) Amoeba has irregular shape. (T)

Q18)

Make a sketch of the human nerve cell. What function do nerve cells perform?

Ans:

The function of a nerve cell is to transmit messages to the brain and also to take away messages from the brain to the receptor organs. Thus, it controls the working of different parts of the body.

Q19) Write short notes on the following.

(a) Cytoplasm

(b) Nucleus of a cell

(c) Nuclear membrane

(d) Nucleolus

(e) Chromosomes

Ans:

(a) Cytoplasm:

It is a fluid that fills the cell and occurs between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cell organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, etc. are suspended in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm helps in the exchange of materials between cell organelles.

(b) Nucleus of a cell:

The nucleus is a spherical structure generally present at the centre of a cell. The nucleus is composed of the following components:

(c) Nuclear membrane:

It is a double-layered membrane which separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane has nuclear pores that allow the transfer of specific substances in and out of the nucleus.

(d) Nucleolus:

It is a small spherical body that is not bound by any membrane.

(e) Chromosomes:

These are thread-like structures that carry genes. Genes contain information necessary for the transfer of characteristics from the parents to the offspring. Thus, chromosomes play an important role in the inheritance of characteristics.

Q20)Which part of the cell contains organelles?

Ans:

Cytoplasm is the part of the cell that contains various organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, etc. Cytoplasm is a fluid that fills the cell and occurs between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Q21) Make sketches of animal and plant cells. State three differences between them.

Ans:

Q22) State the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Ans:

Q23)Where are chromosomes found in a cell? State their function.

Ans:

The nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes play an important role in the inheritance of characters. They carry genes that help in the transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring.

Q24)'Cells are the basic structural units of living organisms’. Explain.

Ans:

Cells constitute various components of plants and animals. A cell is the smallest unit of life and is capable of all living functions. Cells are the building blocks of life. This is the reason why cells are referred to as ‘the basic structural and functional units of life’. All cells vary in their shapes, sizes, and activities they perform. In fact, the shape and size of the cell is related to the specific function it performs.

Q25) Explain why chloroplasts are found only in plant cells?

Ans:

Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells. They contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. This green pigment is important for photosynthesis in green plants. This chlorophyll pigment traps solar energy and utilizes it to manufacture food for the plant.

Q26) Complete the crossword with the help of clues given below.

Q27) Complete the crossword with the help of clues given below.

Across

1. This is necessary for photosynthesis.

3. Term for component present in the cytoplasm.

6. The living substance in the cell.

8. Units of inheritance present on the chromosomes.

Down

1. Green plastids.

2. Formed by collection of tissues.

4. It separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding medium.

5. Empty structure in the cytoplasm.

7. A group of cells.

Ans:

Across

1. CHLOROPHYLL

3. ORGANELLE

6. PROTOPLASM

8. GENES

Down

1. CHLOROPLASTS

2. ORGAN

4. MEMBRANE

5. VACUOLE

7. TISSUE