Relative clauses

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:

• Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
• Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
• A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
• I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
• I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
• Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Preceding noun	Relative pronoun	Examples
a person	who(m)/that, whose	- Do you know the girl who .. - He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thing	which†/that, whose	- Do you have a computer which .. - The oak a tree that .. - This is a book whose author ..

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
• Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
• My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
• In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above,must be separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

---

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:

1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):

• Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?
• Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?
• I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.
• I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
• Did you find the money (which) you lost?

Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following sentence: What's the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?

2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:

• Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?
• The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.
• She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.
• Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.
• Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

 Quiz1

Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).

1.     This is the bank  who which whose  was robbed yesterday.

2.     A boy  who which whose  sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.

3.     The man  who which whose  robbed the bank had two pistols.

4.     He wore a mask  who which whose  made him look like Mickey Mouse.

5.     He came with a friend  who which whose  waited outside in the car.

6.     The woman  who which whose  gave him the money was young.

7.     The bag  who which whose  contained the money was yellow.

8.     The people  who which whose  were in the bank were very frightened.

9.     A man  who which whose  mobile was ringing did not know what to do.

10.                     A woman  who which whose  daughter was crying tried to calm her.

11.                     The car  who which whose  the bank robbers escaped in was orange.

12.                     The robber  who which whose  mask was obviously too big didn't drive.

13.                     The man  who which whose  drove the car was nervous.

14.                     He didn't wait at the traffic lights  who which whose  were red.

15.                     A police officer  who which whose  car was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested them.

 Quiz2

Choose the correct relative adverb.

1.     This is the station  where when why  Emily met James.

2.     July and August are the months  where when why  most people go on holiday.

3.     Do you know the reason  where when why  so many people in the world learn English?

4.     This is the church  where when why  Sue and Peter got married.

5.     Edinburgh is the town  where when why  Alexander Graham Bell was born.

6.     25 December is the day  where when why  children in Great Britain get their Christmas presents.

7.     A famine was the reason  where when why  so many Irish people emigrated to the USA in the 19th century.

8.     A greengrocer's is a shop  where when why  you can buy vegetables.

9.     The day  where when why  I arrived was very nice.

10.                     A horror film was the reason  where when why  I couldn't sleep last night.

Quiz 3

Q1.	Do you know anyone ..... could help me fix my computer?
		where
		which
		who
		whose

---

Q2.	A hammer is a tool ..... is used to knock nails into wood.
		that
		who
		whom
		whose

---

Q3.	The shop ..... we usually buy our bread has closed down.
		that
		where
		who
		whose

---

Q4.	The boy ..... dog was hit by a car has not been to school for 3 days,
		that
		which
		who
		whose

---

  

Q5.	My friend, ..... doesn't have a cell phone, suddenly knocked on the door last night.
		that
		which
		who
		whose

---

Q6.	Can you please return the calculator ..... you borrowed yesterday?
		that
		who
		whom
		whose

---

Q7.	The horse ..... was hit by the car was only slightly hurt.
		what
		which
		who
		whom

---

Q8.	An orphanage is a place ..... children who have no parents can live and be looked after.
		that
		who
		which
		where

---

Q9.	I didn't realize I had forgotten my passport until I reached the airport, .....was very annoying.
		that
		what
		which
		where

---

Q10.	The students ..... test grades were low had to come back after school for an extra lesson.
		that
		who
		which
		whose

---

Q11.	The hotel, ..... is in the centre of the town, is to be knocked down and replaced by a bank.
		that
		what
		which
		where

---

Q12.	The person to ..... you sent the letter has moved to a new address?
		who
		whom
		whose
		which